Educational Philosophical Theories (chart)

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	Representative Philosophers or Learning Theorists(1)	Student Actions	Teacher Actions	Subject Matter Emphasized	Desired Educational Outcomes
Existentialism (2)	Maxine Greene, Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Soren Kierkegaard	authenticity, responsibility; conscious engaged activity	encourage discussion of choice in a moral and political context; promote a thorough grounding in all academic and interpersonal areas	history, mathematics, literature, drama, art, crafts, social sciences, sciences (everything)	conscious decision-makers choosing actions that promote freedom and community
Critical Theory (Marxian Analysis)	Karl Marx, Henry Giroux, Michael Apple, Paulo Freire	analysis of real conditions of everyday life, avoiding/overcoming alienation	from each according to her ability, to each according to her need	history, mathematics, literature, drama, art, crafts, social sciences, sciences (everything)	create a world in which all children are valued equally, who work to transform existing social and material conditions toward more freedom and equality
Behaviorism	B.F. Skinner	respond to stimuli, learn to be self-regulating	present stimuli, manipulate learning environment, create behavioral contracts, offer reinforcement	subject areas that can be directly observed, measured, and evaluated quantitatively	orderly self-regulation
Cognitivism/ Developmentalism	Maria Montessori, A. S. Neill, John Dewey, Waldorf Schools, Reggio Emilia Schools	pursue one's authentic interests in community with others	create learning opportunities, use of manipulatives, joint and individual projects, field trips	real life learning opportunities relevant to the child's interests and needs	life-long self-directed learning, and authentic participation in community life
Social Constructivism	John Dewey, Lev Vygotsky, Jerome Bruner, Montessori,Reggio Emilia, and Waldorf Schools	select information, construct hypotheses, collaborate with others	Socratic dialogue, facilitate extrapolation, enourage students to discover basic principles, create meaningful contexts for the application of knowledge	history, mathematics, literature, drama, art, crafts, social sciences, sciences (everything)	create an educational community that translates into wider democratic participation
Pragmatism	John Dewey, C. S. Peirce, Richard Rorty			history, mathematics, literature, drama, art, crafts, social sciences, sciences (everything)
Social Meliorism/ Social Reconstructionism	John Dewey, Maria Montesori, Pestazzoli, Marx, Sartre, Freire, Waldorf Schools			history, mathematics, literature, drama, art, crafts, social sciences, sciences (everything)	work to overcome existing social problems; create a better world
Essentialism/ Idealism	Plato